Bacterial fermentations are prone to several types of contaminations:     Phage contaminations Bacteriophages cause the most devastating contaminations usually resulting in destruction of the bacterial culture with subsequent contaminat...

Propagations of eukaryotic cell cultures are relatively long-lasting processes, which makes them sensitive to a greater number of possible contaminants. Among them are:   Viral contaminations Viruses are the most dangerous contaminants in thi...

Fungal fermentations are considered to be the safest ones and least prone to contaminations. However, they also suffer from contamination problems. The most frequent are bacterial and fungal contaminations.   Bacterial contamination Due to re...

In dairy industry, controlling contamination issues is very important, not only due to possible health hazards. Milk is a raw material which cannot always be sterilized, and almost every batch contains bacteriophages infectious to bacteria used in pr...